In social sciences, quantitative research is widely used in psychology, economics, demography, sociology, marketing, community health, health & human development, gender and political science, and less frequently in anthropology and history. Research in mathematical sciences such as physics
is also 'quantitative' by definition, though this use of the term
differs in context. In the social sciences, the term relates to
empirical methods, originating in both philosophical positivism and the history of statistics, which contrast with qualitative research methods.
Qualitative research produces information only on the particular
cases studied, and any more general conclusions are only hypotheses.
Quantitative methods can be used to verify which of such hypotheses are
true.
A comprehensive analysis of 1274 articles published in the top two
American sociology journals between 1935 and 2005 found that roughly two
thirds of these articles used quantitative methods.
Quantitative research is often contrasted with qualitative research,
which is the examination, analysis and interpretation of observations
for the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of
relationships, including classifications of types of phenomena and
entities, in a manner that does not involve mathematical models.Approaches to quantitative psychology were first modeled on quantitative approaches in the physical sciences by Gustav Fechner in his work on psychophysics, which built on the work of Ernst Heinrich Weber.
Although a distinction is commonly drawn between qualitative and
quantitative aspects of scientific investigation, it has been argued
that the two go hand in hand. For example, based on analysis of the
history of science, Kuhn concludes that “large amounts of qualitative
work have usually been prerequisite to fruitful quantification in the
physical sciences”.Qualitative research is often used to gain a general sense of phenomena
and to form theories that can be tested using further quantitative
research. For instance, in the social sciences qualitative research
methods are often used to gain better understanding of such things as
intentionality (from the speech response of the researchee) and meaning
(why did this person/group say something and what did it mean to them?)
(Kieron Yeoman).
Although quantitative investigation of the world has existed since
people first began to record events or objects that had been counted,
the modern idea of quantitative processes have their roots in Auguste Comte's positivist framework.
Positivism emphasized the use of the scientific method through
observation to empirically test hypotheses explaining and predicting
what, where, why, how, and when phenomena occurred. Positivist scholars
like Comte believed only scientific methods rather than previous
spiritual explanations for human behavior could advance.
Well-conducted, and with good health status.
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