Public administration is "centrally concerned with the organization
of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of
officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct" Many unelected public servants
can be considered to be public administrators, including heads of city,
county, regional, state and federal departments such as municipal
budget directors, human resources (H.R.) administrators, city managers, census managers, state mental health directors, and cabinet secretaries.Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of government.
In the US, civil servants and academics such as Woodrow Wilson promoted American civil service reform in the 1880s, moving public administration into academia.However, "until the mid-20th century and the dissemination of the German sociologist Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy" there was not "much interest in a theory of public administration." The field is multidisciplinary in character; one of the various proposals for public administration's sub-fields sets out six pillars, including human resources, organizational theory, policy analysis and statistics, budgeting, and ethic
In 1947 Paul H. Appleby
defined public administration as "public leadership of public affairs
directly responsible for executive action". In a democracy, it has to do
with such leadership and executive action in terms that respect and
contribute to the dignity, the worth, and the potentials of the citizen.One year later, Gordon Clapp, then Chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority
defined public administration "as a public instrument whereby
democratic society may be more completely realized." This implies that
it must "relate itself to concepts of justice, liberty, and fuller
economic opportunity for human beings" and is thus "concerned with
"people, with ideas, and with things."According to James D. Carroll & Alfred M. Zuck, the publication by "Woodrow Wilson of his essay, "The Study of Administration" in 1887 is generally regarded as the beginning of public administration as a specific field of study".
Drawing on the democracy theme and discarding the link to the executive branch, Patricia M. Shields asserts that public administration "deals with the stewardship and implementation of the products of a living democracy."
The key term "product" refers to "those items that are constructed or
produced" such as prisons, roads, laws, schools, and security. "As
implementors, public managers engage these products." They participate
in the doing and making of the "living" democracy. A living democracy is
"an environment that is changing, organic", imperfect, inconsistent and
teaming with values. "Stewardship is emphasized because public
administration is concerned "with accountability and effective use of
scarce resources and ultimately making the connection between the doing,
the making and democratic values."
More recently scholars claim that "public administration has no
generally accepted definition", because the "scope of the subject is so
great and so debatable that it is easier to explain than define".Public administration is a field of study (i.e., a discipline) and an
occupation. There is much disagreement about whether the study of public
administration can properly be called a discipline, largely because of
the debate over whether public administration is a subfield of political science or a subfield of administrative science", the latter an outgrowth of its roots in policy analysis and evaluation research.Scholar Donald Kettl is among those who view public administration "as a subfield within political science".According to Lalor a society with a public authority that provides at
least one public good can be said to have a public administration
whereas the absence of either (or a fortiori both) a public authority or
the provision of at least one public good implies the absence of a
public administration. He argues that public administration is the
public provision of public goods in which the demand function is
satisfied more or less effectively by politics, whose primary tool is
rhetoric, providing for public goods, and the supply function is
satisfied more or less efficiently by public management, whose primary
tools are speech acts, producing public goods. The moral purpose of
public administration, implicit in its acceptance of its role, is the
maximisation of the opportunities of the public to satisfy its wants.
The North American Industry Classification System
definition of the Public Administration (NAICS 91) sector states that
public administration "... comprises establishments primarily engaged in
activities of a governmental nature, that is, the enactment and
judicial interpretation of laws and their pursuant regulations, and the
administration of programs based on them". This includes "Legislative
activities, taxation, national defense, public order and safety,
immigration services, foreign affairs and international assistance, and
the administration of government programs are activities that are purely
governmental in nature".
From the academic perspective, the National Center for Education
Statistics (NCES) in the United States defines the study of public
administration as "A program that prepares individuals to serve as
managers in the executive arm of local, state, and federal government
and that focuses on the systematic study of executive organization and
management. Includes instruction in the roles, development, and
principles of public administration; the management of public policy;
executive-legislative relations; public budgetary processes and
financial management; administrative law; public personnel management;
professional ethics; and research methods."
Well-conducted, and with good health status.
1. Application Form
Please upload your finished application form here.
2. Health certificate
Photocopy of notarized foreigner physical examination record (for durations of study over 6 months)
3. Photocopy of valid passport
With name, passport number & expiration date, and photo included
4. Passport photo
A recent passport-sized photo of the applicant
5. Undergraduate school transcript
6. Bachelor's degree diploma
Graduation
certificate in languages other than Chinese or English should be
translated into Chinese or English and be certified by notarization.
7. Two letters of recommendation
From professor or associate professor or equivalents
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