Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine (M2M) communications and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications.The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a smart grid, and expanding to areas such as smart cities.
"Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoringor field operation devices that assist firefighters in search and rescue operations.Legal scholars suggest to look at "Things" as an "inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data and service".
These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing
technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other devices. Current market examples include home automation (also known as smart home devices) such as the control and automation of lighting, heating (like smart thermostat),
ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and appliances such as
washer/dryers, robotic vacuums, air purifiers, ovens or
refrigerators/freezers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.
As well as the expansion of Internet-connected automation into a
plethora of new application areas, IoT is also expected to generate
large amounts of data from diverse locations, with the consequent
necessity for quick aggregation of the data, and an increase in the need
to index, store, and process such data more effectively. IoT is one of
the platforms of today's Smart City, and Smart Energy Management
Systems.
The term "the Internet of Things" was coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble, later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999.
According to Gartner, Inc. (a technology research and advisory corporation), there will be nearly 20.8 billion devices on the Internet of things by 2020.ABI Research estimates that more than 30 billion devices will be wirelessly connected to the Internet of things by 2020.As per a 2014 survey and study done by Pew Research
Internet Project, a large majority of the technology experts and
engaged Internet users who responded—83 percent—agreed with the notion
that the Internet/Cloud of Things, embedded and wearable computing (and the corresponding dynamic systems) will have widespread and beneficial effects by 2025. As such, it is clear that the IoT will consist of a very large number of devices being connected to the Internet.In an active move to accommodate new and emerging technological
innovation, the UK Government, in their 2015 budget, allocated
£40,000,000 towards research into the Internet of things. The former
British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne, posited that the Internet of things is the next stage of the information revolution and referenced the inter-connectivity of everything from urban transport to medical devices to household appliances.
The ability to network embedded devices with limited CPU, memory and
power resources means that IoT finds applications in nearly every field.Such systems could be in charge of collecting information in settings
ranging from natural ecosystems to buildings and factories, thereby finding applications in fields of environmental sensing and urban planning.
On the other hand, IoT systems could also be responsible for performing actions, not just sensing things. Intelligent shopping systems,
for example, could monitor specific users' purchasing habits in a store
by tracking their specific mobile phones. These users could then be
provided with special offers on their favorite products, or even
location of items that they need, which their fridge has automatically
conveyed to the phone.Additional examples of sensing and actuating are reflected in applications that deal with heat, water, electricity and energy management, as well as cruise-assisting transportation systems. Other applications that the Internet of things can provide is enabling extended home security features and home automation.The concept of an "Internet of living things" has been proposed to describe networks of biological sensors that could use cloud-based analyses to allow users to study DNA or other molecules.
However, the application of the IoT is not only restricted to these
areas. Other specialized use cases of the IoT may also exist. An
overview of some of the most prominent application areas is provided
here. Based on the application domain, IoT products can be classified
broadly into five different categories: smart wearable, smart home,
smart city, smart environment, and smart enterprise. The IoT products
and solutions in each of these markets have different characteristics.
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