Chinese herbs have been used for centuries. Among the earliest
literature are lists of prescriptions for specific ailments, exemplified
by the manuscript "Recipes for 52 Ailments", found in the Mawangdui which were sealed in 168 BC.
The first traditionally recognized herbalist is Shénnóng (神农, lit. "Divine Farmer"), a mythical god-like figure, who is said to have lived around 2800 BC. He allegedly tasted hundreds of herbs and imparted his knowledge of medicinal and poisonous plants to farmers. His Shénnóng Běn Cǎo Jīng (神农本草经, Shennong's Materia Medica)
is considered as the oldest book on Chinese herbal medicine. It
classifies 365 species of roots, grass, woods, furs, animals and stones
into three categories of herbal medicine:
The "superior" category, which includes herbs effective for multiple
diseases and are mostly responsible for maintaining and restoring the
body balance. They have almost no unfavorable side-effects.
A category comprising tonics and boosters, whose consumption must not be prolonged.
A category of substances which must usually be taken in small doses, and for the treatment of specific diseases only.
The original text of Shennong's Materia Medica has been lost; however, there are extant translations.The true date of origin is believed to fall into the late Western Han dynasty (i.e., the first century BC).
The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and Miscellaneous Illnesses was collated by Zhang Zhongjing, also sometime at the end of the Han dynasty, between 196 and 220 CE. Focusing on drug prescriptions, it was the first medical work to combine Yinyang and the Five Phases with drug therapy. This formulary was also the earliest Chinese medical text to group symptoms into clinically useful "patterns" (zheng
證) that could serve as targets for therapy. Having gone through
numerous changes over time, it now circulates as two distinct books: the Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Casket, which were edited separately in the eleventh century, under the Song dynasty.
Succeeding generations augmented these works, as in the Yaoxing Lun (simplified Chinese: 药性论; traditional Chinese: 藥性論; literally "Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs"), a 7th-century Tang Dynasty Chinese treatise on herbal medicine.
Chinese patent medicine (traditional Chinese: 中成藥, Simplified Chinese: 中成药, pinyin: zhōngchéng yào) is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. They are standardized herbal
formulas. From ancient times, pills were formed by combining several
herbs and other ingredients, which were dried and ground into a powder.
They were then mixed with a binder and formed into pills by hand. The binder
was traditionally honey. Modern teapills, however, are extracted in
stainless steel extractors to create either a water decoction or
water-alcohol decoction, depending on the herbs used. They are extracted
at a low temperature (below 100 degrees Celsius) to preserve essential
ingredients. The extracted liquid is then further condensed, and some
raw herb powder from one of the herbal ingredients is mixed in to form
an herbal dough. This dough is then machine cut into tiny pieces, a
small amount of excipients are added for a smooth and consistent
exterior, and they are spun into pills. Teapills are characteristically
little round black pills.[citation needed]
Chinese patent medicines are easy and convenient. They are not easy
to customize on a patient-by-patient basis, however. They are often used
when a patient's condition is not severe and the medicine can be taken
as a long-term treatment.[citation needed]
These medicines are not patented in the traditional sense of the word. No one has exclusive rights to the formula. Instead, "patent" refers to the standardization
of the formula. In China, all Chinese patent medicines of the same name
will have the same proportions of ingredients, and manufactured in
accordance with the PRC Pharmacopoeia, which is mandated by law.
However, in western countries there may be variations in the proportions
of ingredients in patent medicines of the same name, and even different
ingredients altogether.
Well-conducted, and with good health status.
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2. Health certificate
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3. Photocopy of valid passport
With name, passport number & expiration date, and photo included
4. Passport photo
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5. Undergraduate school transcript
6. Bachelor's degree diploma
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certificate in languages other than Chinese or English should be
translated into Chinese or English and be certified by notarization.
7. Two letters of recommendation
From professor or associate professor or equivalents
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