Chinese herbs have been used for centuries. Among the earliest
literature are lists of prescriptions for specific ailments, exemplified
by the manuscript "Recipes for 52 Ailments", found in the Mawangdui which were sealed in 168 BC.
The first traditionally recognized herbalist is Shénnóng (神农, lit. "Divine Farmer"), a mythical god-like figure, who is said to have lived around 2800 BC.He allegedly tasted hundreds of herbs and imparted his knowledge of medicinal and poisonous plants to farmers. His Shénnóng Běn Cǎo Jīng (神农本草经, Shennong's Materia Medica)
is considered as the oldest book on Chinese herbal medicine. It
classifies 365 species of roots, grass, woods, furs, animals and stones
into three categories of herbal medicine:
The "superior" category, which includes herbs effective for multiple
diseases and are mostly responsible for maintaining and restoring the
body balance. They have almost no unfavorable side-effects.
A category comprising tonics and boosters, whose consumption must not be prolonged.
A category of substances which must usually be taken in small doses, and for the treatment of specific diseases only.
The original text of Shennong's Materia Medica has been lost; however, there are extant translations. The true date of origin is believed to fall into the late Western Han dynasty(i.e., the first century BC).
The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and Miscellaneous Illnesses was collated by Zhang Zhongjing, also sometime at the end of the Han dynasty, between 196 and 220 CE. Focusing on drug prescriptions,it was the first medical work to combine Yinyang and the Five Phases with drug therapy. This formulary was also the earliest Chinese medical text to group symptoms into clinically useful "patterns" (zheng
證) that could serve as targets for therapy. Having gone through
numerous changes over time, it now circulates as two distinct books: the Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Casket, which were edited separately in the eleventh century, under the Song dynasty.
There are roughly 13,000 medicinals used in China and over 100,000 medicinal recipes recorded in the ancient literature. Plant elements and extracts are by far the most common elements used. In the classic Handbook of Traditional Drugs from 1941, 517 drugs were listed – out of these, only 45 were animal parts, and 30 were minerals.
For many plants used as medicinals, detailed instructions have been
handed down not only regarding the locations and areas where they grow
best, but also regarding the best timing of planting and harvesting
them.
Some animal parts used as medicinals can be considered rather strange such as cows' gallstones.
Furthermore, the classic materia medica Bencao Gangmu describes the use of 35 traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body,
including bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the
teeth, feces, urine, sweat, and organs, but most are no longer in use.
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