Chemical engineering emerged upon the development of unit operations,
a fundamental concept of the discipline of chemical engineering. Most
authors agree that Davis invented the concept of unit operations if not
substantially developed it. He gave a series of lectures on unit operations at the Manchester Technical School (later part of the University of Manchester) in 1887, considered to be one of the earliest such about chemical engineering.Three years before Davis' lectures, Henry Edward Armstrong taught a degree course in chemical engineering at the City and Guilds of London Institute.
Armstrong's course "failed simply because its graduates ... were not
especially attractive to employers." Employers of the time would have
rather hired chemists and mechanical engineers. Courses in chemical engineering offered by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States, Owens College in Manchester, England, and University College London suffered under similar circumstances.
Students inside an industrial chemistry laboratory at MIT
Starting from 1888,Lewis M. Norton
taught at MIT the first chemical engineering course in the United
States. Norton's course was contemporaneous and essentially similar with
Armstrong's course. Both courses, however, simply merged chemistry and
engineering subjects. "Its practitioners had difficulty convincing
engineers that they were engineers and chemists that they were not
simply chemists." Unit operations was introduced into the course by William Hultz Walker in 1905.
By the early 1920s, unit operations became an important aspect of
chemical engineering at MIT and other US universities, as well as at Imperial College London. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(AIChE), established in 1908, played a key role in making chemical
engineering considered an independent science, and unit operations
central to chemical engineering. For instance, it defined chemical
engineering to be a "science of itself, the basis of which is ... unit
operations" in a 1922 report; and with which principle, it had published
a list of academic institutions which offered "satisfactory" chemical
engineering courses.Meanwhile, promoting chemical engineering as a distinct science in Britain lead to the establishment of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) in 1922.IChemE likewise helped make unit operations considered essential to the discipline.
By the 1940s, it became clear that unit operations alone was insufficient in developing chemical reactors.
While the predominance of unit operations in chemical engineering
courses in Britain and the United States continued until the 1960s, transport phenomena started to experience greater focus. Along with other novel concepts, such process systems engineering (PSE), a "second paradigm" was defined. Transport phenomena gave an analytical approach to chemical engineeringwhile PSE focused on its synthetic elements, such as control system and process design.Developments in chemical engineering before and after World War II were mainly incited by the petrochemical industry, however, advances in other fields were made as well. Advancements in biochemical engineering in the 1940s, for example, found application in the pharmaceutical industry, and allowed for the mass production of various antibiotics, including penicillin and streptomycin.Meanwhile, progress in polymer science in the 1950s paved way for the "age of plastics".
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