The objects of our research will be the different forms and
manifestations of life, the conditions and laws under which these
phenomena occur, and the causes through which they have been effected.
The science that concerns itself with these objects we will indicate by
the name biology [Biologie] or the doctrine of life [Lebenslehre].
Although modern biology is a relatively recent development, sciences
related to and included within it have been studied since ancient times. Natural philosophy was studied as early as the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent, and China. However, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study of nature are most often traced back to ancient Greece.While the formal study of medicine dates back to Hippocrates (ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC), it was Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) who contributed most extensively to the development of biology. Especially important are his History of Animals
and other works where he showed naturalist leanings, and later more
empirical works that focused on biological causation and the diversity
of life. Aristotle's successor at the Lyceum, Theophrastus, wrote a series of books on botany that survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to the plant sciences, even into the Middle Ages.
Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al-Jahiz (781–869), Al-Dīnawarī (828–896), who wrote on botany, and Rhazes (865–925) who wrote on anatomy and physiology. Medicine
was especially well studied by Islamic scholars working in Greek
philosopher traditions, while natural history drew heavily on
Aristotelian thought, especially in upholding a fixed hierarchy of life.
Biology began to quickly develop and grow with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's dramatic improvement of the microscope. It was then that scholars discovered spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria and the diversity of microscopic life. Investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining.
Advances in microscopy
also had a profound impact on biological thinking. In the early 19th
century, a number of biologists pointed to the central importance of the cell. Then, in 1838, Schleiden and Schwann
began promoting the now universal ideas that (1) the basic unit of
organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the
characteristics of life, although they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells. Thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow, however, by the 1860s most biologists accepted all three tenets of what came to be known as cell theory.
Meanwhile, taxonomy and classification became the focus of natural historians. Carl Linnaeus published a basic taxonomy for the natural world in 1735 (variations of which have been in use ever since), and in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, treated species as artificial categories and living forms as malleable—even suggesting the possibility of common descent. Though he was opposed to evolution, Buffon is a key figure in the history of evolutionary thought; his work influenced the evolutionary theories of both Lamarck and Darwin.
Serious evolutionary thinking originated with the works of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who was the first to present a coherent theory of evolution.He posited that evolution was the result of environmental stress on
properties of animals, meaning that the more frequently and rigorously
an organ was used, the more complex and efficient it would become, thus
adapting the animal to its environment. Lamarck believed that these
acquired traits could then be passed on to the animal's offspring, who
would further develop and perfect them. However, it was the British naturalist Charles Darwin, combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of Lyell, Malthus's
writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise and
extensive natural observations, who forged a more successful
evolutionary theory based on natural selection; similar reasoning and evidence led Alfred Russel Wallace to independently reach the same conclusions.Although it was the subject of controversy
(which continues to this day), Darwin's theory quickly spread through
the scientific community and soon became a central axiom of the rapidly
developing science of biology.
Under 45 years of age, and with good health status.
1. Application Form
Please upload your finished application form here.
2. Health certificate
Photocopy of notarized foreigner physical examination record (for durations of study over 6 months)
3. Certificate/diploma of highest education
Graduation certificate in languages other
than Chinese or English should be translated into Chinese or English and
be certified by notarization.
4. Passport photo
A recent passport-sized photo of the applicant
5. Photocopy of valid passport
With name, passport number & expiration date, and photo included
6. Certificate of HSK
Certificate of HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test)
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Answer: Yes. ACASC gives the applicants, the chance to directly apply to their desired universities through our online application portal. We have synchronized our system to create a simple platform that connects universities and colleges in China to international students all around the world.
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