Geography is a systematic study of the Earth and its features. Traditionally, geography has been associated with cartography and place names. Although many geographers are trained in toponymy and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation. Geographers study the space and the temporal database distribution of phenomena, processes, and features as well as the interaction of humans and their environment.Because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals,
geography is highly interdisciplinary. The interdisciplinary nature of
the geographical approach depends on an attentiveness to the
relationship between physical and human phenomena and its spatial
patterns.
Names of places...are not geography...know by heart a whole gazetteer full of them would not, in itself, constitute anyone a geographer.
Geography has higher aims than this: it seeks to classify phenomena
(alike of the natural and of the political world, in so far as it treats
of the latter), to compare, to generalize, to ascend from effects to
causes, and, in doing so, to trace out the laws of nature and to mark
their influences upon man. This is 'a description of the world'—that is
Geography. In a word Geography is a Science—a thing not of mere names
but of argument and reason, of cause and effect.
— William Hughes, 1863
Just as all phenomena exist in time and thus have a history, they also exist in space and have a geography.
— United States National Research Council, 1997
Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main subsidiary fields: human geography and physical geography. The former largely focuses on the built environment and how humans create, view, manage, and influence space. The latter examines the natural environment, and how organisms, climate, soil, water, and landforms produce and interact. The difference between these approaches led to a third field, environmental geography, which combines physical and human geography and concerns the interactions between the environment and humans.
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences (including ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, zoology, mineralogy, oceanology, limnology, soil science, geology, atmospheric science, and geodesy) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.
Related areas of study include environmental studies and environmental engineering.
Environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for
understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the
environment. Environmental engineering focuses on design and technology
for improving environmental quality in every aspect.
Environmental scientists work on subjects like the understanding of earth processes, evaluating alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management, and the effects of global climate change. Environmental issues
almost always include an interaction of physical, chemical, and
biological processes. Environmental scientists bring a systems approach
to the analysis of environmental problems. Key elements of an effective
environmental scientist include the ability to relate space, and time
relationships as well as quantitative analysis.
Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of
scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by (a) the need
for a multi-disciplinary
approach to analyze complex environmental problems, (b) the arrival of
substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental
protocols of investigation and (c) the growing public awareness of a
need for action in addressing environmental problems. Events that
spurred this development included the publication of Rachel Carson's
landmark environmental book Silent Spring along with major environmental issues becoming very public, such as the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, and the Cuyahoga River
of Cleveland, Ohio, "catching fire" (also in 1969), and helped increase
the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of
study.
Under 45 years of age, and with good health status.
1. Application Form
Please upload your finished application form here.
2. Health certificate
Photocopy of notarized foreigner physical examination record (for durations of study over 6 months)
3. Certificate/diploma of highest education
Graduation certificate in languages other
than Chinese or English should be translated into Chinese or English and
be certified by notarization.
4. Passport photo
A recent passport-sized photo of the applicant
5. Photocopy of valid passport
With name, passport number & expiration date, and photo included
6. Certificate of HSK
Certificate of HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test)
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